The fort was built by the Russians using forced labour
In the early 20th century, the island of Örö underwent a major change when Russia forcibly seized it from the villagers of nearby Rosala Island and began to build the fort. This fortress was to become part of a system of maritime forts built by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. Extending from the Gulf of Finland, they formed a defensive chain whose function was to protect St. Petersburg, the former capital city.
Before the actual fortress could be constructed, a comprehensive road network had to be built on the undeveloped island. In total, about six kilometres of paved cobblestone roads were built. The road connecting the southern and northern tips of the island is called the "Long Boredom" (Fin. Pitkä ikävä), which is crossed in the central part of the island by the "Short Boredom". These road names are remnants from the garrison times when men had to march from one end of the island and back many times.
Paved road and fortress structures in the southern part of Örö Island
Construction work on the fortress began in 1915. Hundreds of people are known to have been killed on the island under miserable conditions. The fortress was built mainly by forced labour from eastern countries and by Finnish prisoners transferred from the Helsinki Penitentiary. The living conditions or exact numbers of prisoners remain unknown because the building sites were kept secret and there was strong press censorship. Many of the prisoners found their final resting place in the earth of Örö Island.
The functions of the fort were structured along the road network. Three cannon stations were built, forming the three barrack areas of the island. Each area had its own small village, consisting of houses for accommodation and outbuildings.
Buildings of the old barracks.
The fort was transferred to the Finnish state after independence
After Finland's independence, Örö Fortress was transferred to the Finnish Armed Forces. It was used as a training and guard fort, and its armaments and building stock were renewed. Although the fort was never involved in actual military operations, the island was bombed during the Continuation War in 1941. In the same year, the Örö guns also participated as support artillery in the famous Battle of Bengtskär, where an overwhelming force of Russian troops tried in vain to conquer a smaller number of Finns defending the Bengtskär Lighthouse.
After the wars, Örö Fortress served as a military training facility and guard fortress. However, military training was discontinued in 2006, after which an unmanned guard fort operated there for years.
After being closed for a century, the island was opened to visitors in 2015
In 2014, the entire island was transferred to Metsähallitus. The following year, the island which had been closed to the public for a century was annexed to the Archipelago Sea National Park and opened to the public. However, for security reasons parts of the island are still closed to the public. A special feature of the Örö Fortress are the heavy 12-inch Obukhov artillery cannons remaining on the island. Such guns are now rare worldwide. The cannon barrel weighs approximately 50,000 kilograms, while projectiles can weigh up to 500 kilograms.
After remaining closed for such a long time, the island’s nature has remained uniquely diverse. The island is criss-crossed by trails and paths through unspoiled forests, dry meadows, and moors, as well as sandy and rocky beaches. The island is diverse in nature and has many species of plants and butterflies that are rare elsewhere in Finland. For example, Örö Island is particularly known for its Common Pasque- (Pulsatilla vulgaris) and Small Pasque (P. pratensis) flowers, which do not grow anywhere else in Finland.
Read more about Örö in Natureparks.fi!
Why and how are these locations protected?
Örö Fort was built in the 1910s as part of the extensive and diverse naval fortress system built by Peter the Great. The building stock of the fort and the nature of the island have been preserved as a complete historical entity, which is why the National Board of Antiquities has defined Örö Fortress Island as a nationally important constructed cultural environment.
Learn more about the protection of this fortress island in the Finnish Heritage Agency's webpage! (in finnish)
Since it is full of military-related historical remains, the island is also a protected fixed ancient monument. Örö Island belongs to the Archipelago Sea National Park.
Explore the ancient remains of Örö fortress island in cultural heritage service window!
Visit
The island of Örö is easily accessible from Kasnäs Marina by ferry boat, boat taxi or by chartered boat. The journey takes about half an hour.
Check out the timetables in Natureparks.fi- page!
Finnish Heritage Agency’s mapservice
N: 6639603, E: 237831 (ETRS-TM35FIN)